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FIRST LESSON

Common Words that Sound Alike

Many words sound alike but mean different things when put into writing. This list will help you distinguish between some of the more common words that sound alike.
Accept, Except
accept = verb meaning to receive or to agree: He accepted their praise graciously.
except = preposition meaning all but, other than: Everyone went to the game except Alyson.
For more information on these words, plus exercises, see our document on accept/except and affect/effect.

Affect, Effect
affect = verb meaning to influence: Will lack of sleep affect your game?

effect = noun meaning result or consequence: Will lack of sleep have an effect on your game?

effect = verb meaning to bring about, to accomplish: Our efforts have effected a major change in university policy.
A memory-help for affect and effect is is RAVEN: Remember, Affect is a Verb and Effect is a Noun.

For more information on these words, plus exercises, see our document on accept/except and affect/effect.

Advise, Advice
advise = verb that means to recommend, suggest, or counsel: I advise you to be cautious.

advice = noun that means an opinion or recommendation about what could or should be done: I'd like to ask for your advice on this matter.
Conscious, Conscience
conscious = adjective meaning awake, perceiving: Despite a head injury, the patient remained conscious.

conscience = noun meaning the sense of obligation to be good: Chris wouldn't cheat because his conscience wouldn't let him.
Idea, Ideal
idea = noun meaning a thought, belief, or conception held in the mind, or a general notion or conception formed by generalization: Jennifer had a brilliant idea -- she'd go to the Writing Lab for help with her papers!

ideal = noun meaning something or someone that embodies perfection, or an ultimate object or endeavor: Mickey was the ideal for tutors everywhere.
ideal = adjective meaning embodying an ultimate standard of excellence or perfection, or the best; Jennifer was an ideal student.
Its, It's
its = possessive adjective (possesive form of the pronoun it): The crab had an unusual growth on its shell.

it's = contraction for it is or it has (in a verb phrase): It's still raining; it's been raining for three days. (Pronouns have apostrophes only when two words are being shortened into one.)
Lead, Led
lead = noun referring to a dense metallic element: The X-ray technician wore a vest lined with lead.

led = past-tense and past-participle form of the verb to lead, meaning to guide or direct: The evidence led the jury to reach a unanimous decision.
Than, Then
Than
used in comparison statements: He is richer than I.
used in statements of preference: I would rather dance than eat.
used to suggest quantities beyond a specified amount: Read more than the first paragraph.

Then
a time other than now: He was younger then. She will start her new job then.
next in time, space, or order: First we must study; then we can play.
suggesting a logical conclusion: If you've studied hard, then the exam should be no problem.


Their, There, They're
Their = possessive pronoun: They got their books.

There = that place: My house is over there. (This is a place word, and so it contains the word here.)

They're = contraction for they are: They're making dinner. (Pronouns have apostrophes only when two words are being shortened into one.)
To, Too, Two
To = preposition, or first part of the infinitive form of a verb: They went to the lake to swim.

Too = very, also: I was too tired to continue. I was hungry, too.

Two = the number 2: Two students scored below passing on the exam.
Two, twelve, and between are all words related to the number 2, and all contain the letters tw.
Too can mean also or can be an intensifier, and you might say that it contains an extra o ("one too many")

We're, Where, Were
We're = contraction for we are: We're glad to help. (Pronouns have apostrophes only when two words are being shortened into one.)

Where = location: Where are you going? (This is a place word, and so it contains the word here.)

Were = a past tense form of the verb be: They were walking side by side.
Your, You're
Your = possessive pronoun: Your shoes are untied.

You're = contraction for you are: You're walking around with your shoes untied. (Pronouns have apostrophes only when two words are being shortened into one.)

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One Word or Two?
All ready/already
all ready: used as an adjective to express complete preparedness

already: an adverb expressing time

At last I was all ready to go, but everyone had already left.

All right/alright
all right: used as an adjective or adverb; older and more formal spelling, more common in scientific & academic writing: Will you be all right on your own?

alright: Alternate spelling of all right; less frequent but used often in journalistic and business publications, and especially common in
fictional dialogue: He does alright in school.

All together/altogether

all together: an adverb meaning considered as a whole, summed up: All together, there were thirty-two students at the museum.

altogether: an intensifying adverb meaning wholly, completely, entirely: His comment raises an altogether different problem.
Anyone/any one
anyone: a pronoun meaning any person at all: Anyone who can solve this problem deserves an award.

any one: a paired adjective and noun meaning a specific item in a group; usually used with of: Any one of those papers could serve as an example.

Note: There are similar distinctions in meaning for everyone and every one

Anyway/any way
anyway: an adverb meaning in any case or nonetheless: He objected, but she went anyway.

any way: a paired adjective and noun meaning any particular course, direction, or manner: Any way we chose would lead to danger.

Awhile/a while

awhile: an adverb meaning for a short time; some readers consider it nonstandard; usually needs no preposition: Won't you stay awhile?

a while: a paired article and noun meaning a period of time; usually used with for: We talked for a while, and then we said good night.

Maybe/may be
maybe: an adverb meaning perhaps: Maybe we should wait until the rain stops.

may be: a form of the verb be: This may be our only chance to win the championship.

We also have an exercise available that will let you practice using these words.


SECOND LESSON
IE/EI
Rule
Write I before E
Except after C
Or when it sounds like an A
As in "neighbor" and "weigh"


i before e: relief, believe, niece, chief, sieve, frieze, field, yield

e before i: receive, deceive, ceiling, conceit, vein, sleigh, freight, eight




Exceptions
seize, either, weird, height, foreign, leisure, conscience, counterfeit, forfeit, leisure, neither, science, species, sufficient


THIRD LESSON
Noun Plurals
Plurals of nouns can be created in the following ways:
1. Add an -s to form the plural of most words.

elephant--elephants
stereo--stereos
2. For words that end in a "hissing" sound (-s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh), add an -es to form the plural.

box--boxes
church--churches
3. If the word ends in a vowel plus -y (-ay, -ey, -iy, -oy, -uy), add an -s to the word.

tray--trays
key--keys
4. If the word ends in a consonant plus -y, change the -y into -ie and add an -s to form the plural.

enemy--enemies
baby--babies
5. For words that end in -is, change the -is to -es to make the plural form.

synopsis--synopses
thesis--theses
6. Some words that end in -f or -fe have plurals that end in -ves.

knife--knives
self--selves
7. The plurals of words ending in -o are formed by either adding -s or by adding -es. The plurals of many words can be formed either way. To determine whether a particular word ends in -s or -es (or if the word can be spelled either way), check your dictionary or the list below. There are two helpful rules:

a. All words that end in a vowel plus -o (-ao, -eo, -io, -oo, -uo) have plurals that end in just -s:
stereo--stereos
studio--studios
duo--duos
b. All musical terms ending in -o have plurals ending in just -s.

piano--pianos
cello--cellos
solo--solos
c. Plural forms of words ending in -o:

os

albinos
armadillos
autos
bravos
broncos
cantos
casinos
combos
gazebos
infernos
kimonos
logos
maraschinos
ponchos
sombreros
tacos
torsos
tobaccos
typos





oes

echoes
embargoes
heroes
Negroes
potatoes
tomatoes
torpedoes
vetoes



os or oes


avocados/oes
buffaloes/os
cargoes/os
desperadoes/os
dodoes/os
dominoes/os
ghettos/oes
grottoes/os
hoboes/os
innuendoes/os
lassos/oes
mangoes/os
mosquitoes/os
mottoes/os
mulattos/oes
noes/os
palmettos/oes
peccadilloes/os
tornadoes/os
volcanoes/os
zeros/oes


8. The plurals of single capital letters, acronyms, and Arabic numerals (1,2,3,...) take an -s WITHOUT an apostrophe:

Z (the capital letter Z)--Zs
UPC (Universal Product Code)--UPCs
ATM (Automatic Teller Machine)--ATMs
GUI (Graphical User Interface)--GUIs
3 (the Arabic numeral 3)--3s

If you are unsure of how to make a noun plural, you can look up the singular form of the noun in a dictionary to get the plural form.

FORTH LESSON
-ible vs. -abl
-ible
If the root is not a complete word, add -ible.

aud + ible = audible
Examples:

visible
horrible
terrible
possible
edible
eligible
incredible
permissible


-able


If the root is a complete word, add -able.

accept + able = acceptable
Examples:

fashionable
laughable
suitable
dependable
comfortable
If the root is a complete word ending in -e, drop the final -e and add -able.

excuse - e+ able = excusable
Examples:

advisable
desirable
valuable
debatable



Some exceptions:

contemptible
digestible
flexible
responsible
irritable
inevitable


Exercise #1: for accept/except
Fill in the blank with either accept or except.



. The whole army is out of step _______________ Fred.

. I'll _______________ no money from that cheapskate.

. Please _______________ this pot of Mama's chicken soup.

. It will cure anything _______________ flat feet.

. Rip could do anything _______________ make money.

. I had to _______________ their negative evaluation.

. All the girls went to the game _______________ Mary.

. Howard could not _______________ the job.

. __________ when there's a classic movie playing, Pete seldom watches TV.

. I will _______________ your gift if you let me pay for my lunch.


Exercise #2: for affect/effect
Fill in the blank with either affect or effect
. 1. Wars _______________ everybody, and their destructive_______________ last for generations

2. Television has a strong _______________ on public opinion.

3. My mood can _______________ my thinking, too.

4. I see that you're trying to _______________ apathy, but I know that you really do care.

5. Falling on my head had a bad _______________ on my memory.

6. His years of smoking have negatively ____________ed his health.

7. This plan will surely ______________ significant improvements in our productivity.

8. The patient shows normal ______________ and appears to be psychologically stable.

9. Slim tried to _______________ an escape through the air ducts.

10. Supply and demand have a direct ________________ on the prices of commodities.

11. The _______________ of the speech was visible on the faces of the sleeping audience.

12. He's just trying to seem cool; his indifference is completely
ed_______________
13. We may never know the full _______________ of the radiation leak.

14. The early frost will _______________ the crops.

15. What kind of _______________ can this quiz have on your dinner tonight?


ANSWERS

Exercise #1: Answer Key for Accept/Except
Accept and Except

1. The whole army is out of step except Fred.

2. I'll accept no money from that cheapskate.

3. Please accept this pot of Mama's chicken soup.

4. It will cure anything except flat feet.

5. Rip could do anything except make money.

6. I had to accept their negative evaluation.

7. All the girls went to the game except Mary.

8. Howard could not accept the job.

9. Except when there's a classic movie playing, Pete seldom watches TV.

10. I will accept your gift if you let me pay for my lunch.




Exercise #2: Answer Key for Affect/Effect
Affect and Effect

1. Wars affect everybody, and their destructive effects last for generations.

2. Television has a strong effect on public opinion.

3. My mood can affect my thinking, too.

4. I see that you're trying to affect apathy, but I know that you really do care.

5. Falling on my head had a bad effect on my memory.

6. His years of smoking have negatively affected his health.

7. This plan will surely effect significant improvements in our productivity.

8. The patient shows normal affect and appears to be psychologically stable.

9. Slim tried to effect an escape through the air ducts.

10. Supply and demand have a direct effect on the prices of commodities.

11. The effect of the speech was visible on the faces of the sleeping audience.

12. He's just trying to seem cool; his indifference is completely affected.

13. We may never know the full effect of the radiation leak.

14. The early frost will affect the crops.

15. What kind of effect can this quiz have on your dinner tonight?


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